A kind represents a substance sortal whose instances are functional complexes. Examples include instances of Natural Kinds (such as Person, Dog, Tree) and of artifacts (Chair, Car, Television).
'disjointly categorizes'(t,t') A variation of categorization in which the classification criteria defined by t guarantee that each instance of t’ is instance of at most one instance of t.
The ontology aims at formalize basic notions of multi-level modeling in the Unified Foundational Ontology.
Unified Foundational Ontology - Powertypes
- An *aircraft* is an object. - An *ATC descent procedure* is an object (formal regulation) that describes the course of a descent operation/process (event).
- An object *participates in* an event. - An object *has part* another object.
Object is any identifiable endurant entity existence of which is not directly dependent on an existence of another entity.
Mixin Type represents the general properties of all mixins, i.e., non-sortals (or dispersive universals).
This relation is a relationship between an individual and its type. The type is understood in the sense of UFO instance powertype.
Trope is a property of some object/event or another trope. The trope CANNOT exist without the object/event it inheres in.
We say that: A trope *inheres in* an object.
Examples include: - *function* of a VOR beacon (property of an object), - *availability* of VOR beacon function (property of a property), - *efficiency* of a rescue operation (property of an event)
partitions(t,t') A variation of categorization in which the classification criteria defined by t guarantee that each instance of t’ is instance of exactly one instance of t.
'is powertype of'(t,t') The instances of t apply to instances of t’ but no classification criteria are defined. Thus, all specializations of t’, including t’ itself are instances of t.
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Operational version of the UFO Ontology describes basic notions of UFO in terms of the Web Ontology Language, possibly extended with SWRL rules. The main goals of the ontology are (1) to provide easy way to link UFO-related terms to applications, resources, as well as multimedia, (2) to provide a computable artifact for basic reasoning and UFO-compliant data integration.
A type is a class instances of which are all types of all levels. Type and Individual form a partition on the Entity class.
Endurant je prvek jenž existuje v čase. Enduranty se mohou účastnit událostí a mít závislé prvky.
Endurant is an entity existing in time. Endurants participate in events and can have tropes. Theirs state can change over time.
The ontology aims at formalize the basic language for UFO-compliant annotation of entities.
Unified Foundational Ontology - Basic Language
A «category» represents a rigid and relationally independent mixin, i.e., a dispersive universal that aggregates essential properties which are common to different substance sortals. For example, the category RationalEntity as a generalization of Person and IntelligentAgent.
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- a *flight* is an event which describes the course of aircraft movement ground-air-ground, - a *runway incursion* is an event which describes incorrect presence of an object on the runway
An event, perdurant in the ontological sense. Events do not change its properties over time.
Event *has participant* an object. Event *is part of* another event. Event *is followed by* another event. Event *is caused by/contributes to/mitigates* another event.
A «collective» represents a substance sortal whose instances are collectives, i.e., they are collections of complexes that have a uniform structure. Examples include a deck of cards, a forest, a group of people, a pile of bricks. Collectives can typically relate to complexes via a constitution relation. For example, a pile of bricks that constitutes a wall, a group of people that constitutes a football team. In this case, the collectives typically have an extensional principle of identity, in contrast to the complexes they constitute. For instance, The Beatles was in a given world w constituted by the collective {John, Paul, George, Pete} and in another world w’ constituted by the collective {John, Paul, George, Ringo}. The replacement of Pete Best by Ringo Star does not alter the identity of the band, but creates a numerically different group of people.
A subkind is a rigid, relationally independent restriction of a substance sortal that carries the principle of identity supplied by it. An example could be the subkind MalePerson of the kind Person. In general, the stereotype subkind can be omitted in conceptual models without loss of clarity.
The ontology aims at formalize basic notions of the Unified Foundational Ontology, part C - Social.
Situation is a snapshot of object states valid in the given temporal range. The states involve trope values and relator values. Since most relators will not be reified and will be modeled in terms of the binary properties only, separation of object snapshot identity will not be solved at this point. Thus, situation will play a role of a context (higher-level construct) of statements about objects.
Agent is a proactive object. It has its own beliefs, intentions, goals.
* An agent *performs* an action. * An agent *provides* a service.
- A *pilot* is an agent who operates the aircraft, communicates with ATC, etc. - An *air traffic control organization* is an agent (legal body) that provides services, reacts to other organization requests, etc.
Individuálem je prvek, který označuje jednotlivost, nelze jej použít pro typování, klasifikaci, jiných prvků.
Individual is any entity, which denotes a unique concept, which cannot be used for typing
The ontology aims at formalize the basic construct for expressing languages on top of UFO.
Unified Foundational Ontology - Languages
Jazykem rozumíme předpis, kterým lze vytvářet formální (např. UFO) popisy.
The ontology aims at formalizing basic temporal properties of the Unified Foundational Ontology, namely Allen algebra.
Unified Foundational Ontology - B - temporal reasoning
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Action is an event performed by an Agent. A single proactive object (agent) is responsible for performing the action.
- *Use of deicing equipment* is an action performed by aerodrome staff. - An *ATC clearance deviation* is an action performed by a pilot.
The ontology aims at formalize basic notions of the Unified Foundational Ontology, part B - Events.
Unified Foundational Ontology - B - dispositions
The ontology aims at formalize the basic notions around dispositions and actions in the Unified Foundational Ontology.
Perdurant je prvek, který se vyskytuje v čase.
Perdurant is an entity which occurs in time.
definition partially reused from Mixin Class
Substance Sortal is an abstract metaclass that represents the general properties of all substance sortals, i.e., rigid, relationally independent object universals that supply a principle of identity for their instances. Substance Sortal has no concrete syntax. Thus, symbolic representations are defined by each of its concrete subclasses.
The ontology aims at formalize the basic notions of the OntoUML language.
'completely categorizes'(t,t’) A variation of categorization in which the classification criteria defined by t guarantee that each instance of t’ is instance of at least one instance of t.
categorizes(t,t') The instances of t apply to instances of t’ according specific classification criteria. Thus, all proper specializations of t’ that categorizes(t,t’) follow the specified classification criteria are instances of t.
The ontology aims at formalize basic notions of the Unified Foundational Ontology, part A - structural models.
A «quantity» represents a substance sortal whose instances are quantities. Examples are those stuff universals that are typically referred in natural language by mass general terms (e.g., Gold, Water, Sand, Clay).
Object Snapshot is a immutable state description of an object within a situation. Object Snapshot and an Object share the attribute types and relation types of their identifying objects. Object serve only for identification purpose.
- an object snapshot *is identified by* an object - a situation *has part* an object snapshot
- * Aircraft OK-123, just before landing 1.1.2014 at 18.00* is a snapshot of the aircraft containing the setting of its controls and conditions of the its technical systems. Another snapshot *Aircraft OK-123, just before takeoff 1.1.2014 at 9.00* might have completely different state of controls and conditions. In both cases, however, we speak about the same aircraft (same object).
Entity represents any identifiable meaning (concept).
Prvek je jakýkoliv identifikovatelný význam (koncept).